Mental Health Identification of Children and Young Adults in a Pandemic Using Machine Learning Classifiers.

COVID-19 has altered our lifestyle, communication, employment, and also our emotions. The pandemic and its devastating implications have had a significant impact on higher education, as well as other sectors. Numerous researchers have utilized typical statistical methods to determine the effect of COVID-19 on the psychological wellbeing of young people. Moreover, the primary aspects that have changed in the psychological condition of children and young adults during COVID lockdown is analyzed. These changes are analyzed using machine learning and AI techniques which should be established for the alterations. This research work mainly concentrates on children's and young people's mental health in the first lockdown. There are six processes involved in this work. Initially, it collects the data using questionnaires, and then, the collected data are pre-processed by data cleaning, categorical encoding, and data normalization method. Next, the clustering process is used for grouping the data based on their mood state, and then, the feature selection process is done by chi-square, L1-Norm, and ReliefF. Then, the machine learning classifiers are used for predicting the mood state, and automatic calibration is used for selecting the best model. Finally, it predicts the mood state of the children and young adults. The findings revealed that for a better understanding of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's and youths' mental states, a combination of heterogeneous data from practically all feature groups is required.

Collaborative Reverse Logistics Network for Infectious Medical Waste Management during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

The development of COVID-19 in China has gradually become normalized; thus, the prevention and control of the pandemic has encountered new problems: the amount of infectious medical waste (IMW) has increased sharply; the location of outbreaks are highly unpredictable; and the pandemic occurs everywhere. Thus, it is vital to design an effective IMW reverse logistics network to cope with these problems. This paper firstly introduces mobile processing centers (MPCs) into an IMW reverse logistics network for resource-saving, quick response, and the sufficient capacity of processing centers. Then, a multi-participant-based (public central hospitals, disposal institutions, the logistics providers, and the government) collaborative location and a routing optimization model for IMW reverse logistics are built from an economic, environmental perspective. An augmented ε-constraint method is developed to solve this proposed model. Through a case study in Chongqing, it is found that for uncertain outbreak situations, fixed processing centers (FPCs) and MPCs can form better disposal strategies. MPC can expand the processing capacity flexibly in response to the sudden increase in IMW. The results demonstrate good performance in reduction in cost and infection risk, which could greatly support the decision making of IMW management for the government in the pandemic prevention and control.

Bipolar silica nanochannel array confined electrochemiluminescence for ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody.

Ultrasensitive, specific, and early identification of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) infection is critical to control virus spread and remains a global public health problem. Herein, we present a novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platform targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody with rapidity and ultrahigh sensitivity, in which a bipolar silica nanochannel array (bp-SNA) is fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for the first time to stably confine the ECL probe of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (Ru(bpy)32+) under dual electrostatic force. The bp-SNA consists of tightly packed bilayer silica nanochannel array (SNA) with asymmetric surface charges, namely an inner negatively charged SNA (n-SNA) and an outer positively charged SNA (p-SNA), serving as an "electrostatic lock" to enrich and stabilize the cationic Ru(bpy)32+ probe without leakage from the electrode surface. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody could be realized via immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the utmost of Ru(bpy)32+-confined solid-state ECL platform (Ru@bp-SNA). Upon the capture of target SARS-CoV-2 IgG by immune recognition, the formed immunocomplex will block the nanochannel, leading to the hindered diffusion of the co-reactant (tri-n-propylamine, TPrA) and further producing a decreased ECL signal. The developed solid-stated ECL immunosensor is able to determine SARS-CoV-2 IgG with a wide linear range (5 pg mL-1 to 1 µg mL-1), a low limit-of-detection (2.9 pg mL-1), and a short incubation time (30 min). Furthermore, accurate analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in real serum samples is also obtained by the sensor.

Detection of Covid-19 through a Heptanal Biomarker Using Transition Metal Doped Graphene.

A rapid and noninvasive way to monitor the spread of COVID-19 is the detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers from exhaled breath. Heptanal was identified as a key biomarker which was significantly elevated in the breath of SARS-CoV-2 patients. In this study, the adsorption behaviors of heptanal on pristine and transition metal (Pd, Pt, and Ag) doped graphene were studied based on density functional theory. The results indicated that heptanal was weakly adsorbed on pristine graphene with an adsorption energy of -0.015 eV while it was strongly adsorbed on Pd-, Pt-, and Ag-doped graphene with adsorption energies of -0.404, - 0.356, and -0.755 eV, respectively. Also, the electronic properties of Pd-, Pt-, and Ag-doped graphene changed more dramatically after heptanal adsorption than pristine graphene. The recovery times were estimated to be 6.13 × 10-6, 9.57 × 10-7, and 4.83 s for Pd-, Pt-, and Ag-doped graphene, respectively, showing that Pd-, Pt-, and Ag-doped graphene are suitable as reversible sensors. Our results conclude that Pd-, Pt-, and Ag-doped graphene are potential candidates as gas sensors for heptanal detection, and Ag-doped graphene is the most promising one.

Analysis of 2D nanomaterial BC3 for COVID-19 biomarker ethyl butyrate sensor.

Ethyl butyrate (EB) was identified in recent research as a prominent biomarker of COVID-19, as concentrations of EB were higher in exhaled breath of COVID-19 patients. Electronic sensitivities of pristine, Al- and Si-doped BC3 nanosheets to the EB molecule were investigated in this study using density functional theory. It is found that the pure BC3 was ineffective in sensing EB due to low adsorption energy and sensitivity. Aluminum- and silicon-doped BC3 nanosheets were effective in forming a strong interaction with EB and were also sensitive. Our calculations show that the band gaps of the Al-doped and Si-doped BC3 sheets were significantly decreased upon EB adsorption, which increased the electrical conductance of the sheets and the sensitivity. However, Si-doped BC3 had a recovery time of almost 22 hours, making it less potent than Al-doped BC3, which had a recovery time of just 7.7 minutes. The shorter recovery time of the Al-doped BC3 sheet is due to its moderate adsorption energy of 25.8 kcal mol-1. These results can help facilitate the development of an EB biosensor for COVID-19 testing and other similar applications.

Original Hosts, Clinical Features, Transmission Routes, and Vaccine Development for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to public concern worldwide. Although a variety of hypotheses about the hosts of SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, an exact conclusion has not yet been reached. Initial clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 are similar to those of other acute respiratory infections, leading to misdiagnoses and resulting in the outbreak at the early stage. SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly spread by droplet transmission and close contact; the possibilities of fecal-oral, vertical, and aerosol transmission have not yet been fully confirmed or rejected. Besides, COVID-19 cases have been reported within communities, households, and nosocomial settings through contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients or asymptomatic individuals. Environmental contamination is also a major driver for the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the absence of specific treatment for COVID-19, it is urgent to decrease the risk of transmission and take preventive measures to control the spread of the virus. In this review, we summarize the latest available data on the potential hosts, entry receptors, clinical features, and risk factors of COVID-19 and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, and we present the data about development of vaccines.

Modalities and Mechanisms of Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly throughout the world. Although COVID-19 has a relatively low case severity rate compared to SARS and Middle East Respiratory syndrome it is a major public concern because of its rapid spread and devastating impact on the global economy. Scientists and clinicians are urgently trying to identify drugs to combat the virus with hundreds of clinical trials underway. Current treatments could be divided into two major part: anti-viral agents and host system modulatory agents. On one hand, anti-viral agents focus on virus infection process. Umifenovir blocks virus recognizing host and entry. Remdesivir inhibits virus replication. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine involve preventing the whole infection process, including virus transcription and release. On the other hand, host system modulatory agents are associated with regulating the imbalanced inflammatory reaction and biased immune system. Corticosteroid is believed to be commonly used for repressing hyper-inflammation, which is one of the major pathologic mechanisms of COVID-19. Convalescent plasma and neutralizing antibodies provide essential elements for host immune system and create passive immunization. Thrombotic events are at high incidence in COVID-19 patients, thus anti-platelet and anti-coagulation are crucial, as well. Here, we summarized these current or reproposed agents to better understand the mechanisms of agents and give an update of present research situation.

Venous thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: High incidence of venous thromboembolic complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was noted recently. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the factors associated with prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in several online databases. Fixed effects meta-analysis was performed for the factors associated with prevalence of VTE in COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: A total of 39 studies were analysed in this analysis. The incidence of pulmonary embolism and VTE in severe COVID-19 patients were 17% (95% CI, 13-21%) and 42% (95% CI, 25-60%), respectively. VTE were more common among individuals with COVID-19 of advance age. Male COVID-19 patients are more likely to experience VTE. Higher levels of white blood cell (WBC; WMD = 1.34 × 109/L; 95% CI, 0.84-1.84 × 109/L), D-dimer (WMD = 4.21 µg/ml; 95% CI, 3.77-4.66 µg/ml), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT; WMD = 2.03 s; 95% CI, 0.83-3.24 s), fibrinogen (WMD = 0.49 µg/ml; 95% CI, 0.18-0.79 g/L) and C-reactive protein (CRP; WMD = 21.89 mg/L; 95% CI, 11.44-32.34 mg/L) were commonly noted in COVID-19 patients with VTE. Patients with lower level of lymphocyte (WMD = -0.15 × 109/L; 95% CI, -0.23--0.07 × 109/L) was at high risk of developing VTE. The incidence of severe condition (OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.95-3.62) was more likely to occur among COVID-19 patients who developed VTE. CONCLUSION: VTE is a common complication in severe COVID-19 patients and thromboembolic events are also associated with adverse outcomes.

Evaluation of current medical approaches for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Because of the lack of vaccination, it is urgent to find effective antiviral agents for COVID-19 treatment. METHOD: Online databases were searched for articles published before or on 22 June 2020. Studies reporting the effectiveness and safety of antiviral agents for COVID-19 were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 42 studies were included in this analysis. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was not associated with the incidence of death (risk ratio (RR)=1.08; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.44) and severe cases (RR=1.05; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.81). Patients treated with HCQ obtained few benefits with respect to the clearance of viral RNA and were more likely to have adverse reactions. HCQ treatment could shorten the body temperature recovery time (weighted mean difference = -1.04; 95% CI -1.64 to -0.45). Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) (RR=0.90; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.07) and Arbidol (RR=1.09; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.29) were not associated with the negative conversion rate. Integrative Chinese-Western medicine alleviated clinical symptoms and decreased the incidence of severe cases (RR=0.38; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.59). Remdesivir treatment reduced the 14-day mortality rate of patients with severe COVID-19 (RR=0.64; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.94). Convalescent plasma (CP) tended to increase the negative conversion rate (RR=2.47; 95% CI 1.70 to 3.57). CONCLUSION: HCQ, LPV/r and Arbidol bring little benefit in COVID-19 treatment. Integrative Chinese-Western medicine improved the clinical symptoms of patients with COVID-19. Remdesivir and CP might be the potential treatments for patients with severe COVID-19. However, large-scale clinical randomised trials are needed to validate our conclusions.

Multi-organ Dysfunction in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This study aimed to provide systematic evidence for the association between multiorgan dysfunction and COVID-19 development. Several online databases were searched for articles published until May 13, 2020. Two investigators independently selected trials, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of individual trials. Single-arm meta-analysis was performed to summarize the clinical features of confirmed COVID-19 patients. Fixed effects meta-analysis was performed for clinically relevant parameters that were closely related to the patients' various organ functions. A total of 73 studies, including 171,108 patients, were included in this analysis. The overall incidence of severe COVID-19 and mortality were 24% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20%-28%) and 2% (95% CI, 1%-3%), respectively. Patients with hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 2.40; 95% CI, 2.08-2.78), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR = 3.54; 95% CI, 2.68-4.68), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR=3.70; 95% CI, 2.93-4.68), chronic liver disease (CLD) (OR=1.48; 95% CI, 1.09-2.01), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.47-2.30), chronic cerebrovascular diseases (OR = 2.53; 95% CI, 1.84-3.49) and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.12-4.05) were more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), myoglobin, creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin were highly associated with severe COVID-19. The incidence of acute organ injuries, including acute cardiac injury (ACI); (OR = 11.87; 95% CI, 7.64-18.46), acute kidney injury (AKI); (OR=10.25; 95% CI, 7.60-13.84), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); (OR=27.66; 95% CI, 18.58-41.18), and acute cerebrovascular diseases (OR=9.22; 95% CI, 1.61-52.72) was more common in patients with severe COVID-19 than in patients with non-severe COVID-19. Patients with a history of organ dysfunction are more susceptible to severe conditions. COVID-19 can aggravate an acute multiorgan injury.

Recent progress in understanding 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated with human respiratory disease: detection, mechanisms and treatment.

Viral respiratory diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) always pose a severe threat to people. First identified in late December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2) has affected many provinces in China and multiple countries worldwide. The viral outbreak has aroused panic and a public-health emergency around the world, and the number of infections continues to rise. However, the causes and consequences of the pneumonia remain unknown. To effectively implement epidemic prevention, early identification and diagnosis are critical to disease control. Here we scrutinise a series of available studies by global scientists on the clinical manifestations, detection methods and treatment options for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and also propose potential strategies for preventing the infection.